Contract and Procurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contract and Procurement - Essay ExampleOn a look to view of the brook, the evidence stated should be indicated and given in the section as this would help in validating the information given. Moreover, for a project to be successful every(prenominal)(a) the internal project documents should be well document and the information in those documents used otherwise the project will not be successful (Ramakrishna 2010). Amber color should have been used to indicate that there are significant issues which need the managements attention despite a successful delivery. 2. Summary of report recommendations The recommendations given by the review time are worth while as they provide a clear history of the situation in the entity. The recommendation time frame could either be Recommended, Critical and Essential. The review uses the Recommended time frame. Recommended means that the recommendations given should be beneficial to the project and should be linked to the project milestones, and t his should be before the contract is signed. On a critical point view, the recommendations given by should be based on the three time frames given the other two are based on the successful outcome of the project depending on how fast action is interpreted a situation which affects the project. 3. Background and business case The background of the project is clearly stated with the project name and the programme. The problems facing the stated projects are in like manner indicated which explains why the stated project are in need of improvements. The cost estimates for the improvements, the procurement delivery status including the start and expiry date, current position in regard to the OGC Gateway Review and conduct of the OGC Gateway Review have been well stated in friendship to the business case (Marks 2012). Enough has been provided approximately the background of the project, that is, the background is explicit. However, including the current position in regard to the OGC Ga teway Review without sufficient information about the past reviews is absurd. The reviewer should have obtained all information from the previous four Gateway Reviews before embarking on writing his or her review. The previous review would help the reviewer to fully understand all the problems facing the project and the improvements which have been done on the projects. 4. Findings and recommendations The findings for the project have been given explicitly with all parameters well stated. All the strengths and weaknesses of the project including lack of becoming documentation and sufficient commitment to staff training and knowledge of training delivery amongst the main project teams have been elaborated. Validity of the project in connection to the business case has also been elaborated. The reviewer has done excellent in the elaboration of the findings of the project. The reviewer has gone further ahead to give the plans for the ongoing improvements in performance and innovation which include the continuous improvement and planning and performance measures. The reviewer has also gone a head to provide the organizations learning and adulthood targets and its readiness for the future or the plans for any service provision in the future. However, the

Themes of tradition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Themes of tradition - Essay ExampleAs a result of these factors, there has been significant changes in the size, height, make and design both internal and external, of buildings. These changes have led to many architectural debates. Some architects argue that innovative architectural designs be inspired by the conventional themes while early(a)s argue that todays designs are original and are a result of improved technology and skills and knowledge taught in the schools today. Others argue that modern architecture is a combination of both traditional architectural and modern architectural themes. The progress of todays architectural industry has become a debate to many and there is wherefore the need to analyze how both the traditional and modern themes influence the buildings we see today. Traditional themes as imageed in architectural projects Traditional themes in architecture are based on three design nurses traditional based design observe, design value of restoration an d preservation and the vernacular design value. Under the design value of restoration and preservation, architects believe that there is need to preserve the best of their structures and products for upcoming generations. They therefore work towards ensuring that even when a building is being redesigned it is restored to its original design. Such architects hold on to three perspectives. The first one is the archeological perspective which holds that it is central to preserve buildings and products as part of our history. The artistic perspective holds on to the need to reserve something that is reckoned as beautiful and a masterpiece. The social perspective on the other hand is built on the need to hold on to familiarity and reassurance. The traditional based design value is based on the belief that traditional designs depict something good and functional. This value is based on three strategies the first one is the revivalist strategy where an architect sticks to traditional form s of design. The contextualist strategy is where historical forms of design are applyd when the surroundings demand for such. The critical traditional strategy is based on the interpretation of traditional designs and applying them in modern architecture. Lastly, the vernacular design value is based on the belief that a simple and traditional design is more superior to the modern designs. This operates under four key concepts. The reinvigorating concept is calls for the use of traditional designs and themes in modern times whereas the reinventing concept is where architects go unwrap in search of new archetypes. The extending concept implies the use of traditional designs in a more modern manner while the reinterpreting concept involves the use of modern and recent expressions of architecture. With these design aspects in mind, let us take a pure tone at some of architectural projects that have traditional insights in them. Our study case shall be in Japan since it is one of the countries with a rich, traditional out view of architecture and it still builds on these views up to date. The first project is the Gender Equality Center (GEC). Fumihiko Maki, the architect behind this project, believes that an architect has to rely on his innate aesthetic preferences, ethical and traditional principles as he designs his buildings. In the designing of the center, Maki observed his traditional design values since the building reflects Japanese concepts of architecture. He

Analysis of Retail Marketing Nuances Term Paper

Analysis of Retail Marketing Nuances - Term Paper ExampleOf all the changes in distribution during the last century, those taking place in sell have been the most dramatic. Totally new institutions have appeared in an industry that a hundred years ago consisted mostly of small general and strength stores. The principle retailing innovation in the 1930s was the supermarket, which introduced a number of principles of mass merchandising that cut costs and increased volume at a time when family incomes were strained. The original supermarkets, in fact, were not very attractive, but times have now changed. With innovative techniques of attracting the customers, supermarket chains have established themselves in a big way. Supermarkets introduced the principle of self-service, wherein the customer is supposed to do the leg work, which resulted in a reduction of the personal cost of the supermarket. Self-service also resulted in further impulse purchases, as the consumer could physically touch and feel all the attractively packaged stuff kept on display. In this study Ill study the nuances of retail marketing through my superstore Woolworth a major superstore chain having branches in many countries and offering a range of products from consumer durables, electronic items, toys, sports and leisure items to fresh food. We take superciliousness in customer assistance and a range of extra services and facilities. Woolworths Group plc is principally a UK retailer focused on the home, family, and entertainment. Woolworths offers its customers value-for-money on an widen range of products. It is built around the well known Woolworths brand which is represented in towns and cities throughout the UK Frank Woolworth started his retail career as a gross revenue assistant like me in the Augsbury and Moore Dry Goods Store in Watertown, New York in 1873. This young boy was desperately in need of a note and the co-owner William Moore took pity on the young farm boy and accepted his offer to work free of charge on a three month trial in the store. If we claver this episode in retrospective well find a trace of the retail marketing principles even in this offer of this young boy. The boy not lonesome(prenominal) proved his worth but went on to create history in the retailing industry.

Explain the nature of the basic economic problem facing society, and Essay

Explain the nature of the basic economic problem facing society, and show how business activity might provide a effect to this problem - Essay ExampleBusiness activities aim in the provision of all economic problems though not exhaustively. The active operation of firms in the merchandise ensures the provision of goods and services. The large firms with the capacity of operating as independent organizations make their own decisions on how to enter and exit markets. The firms have also developed effectual ways such as choice on how well to utilize the available resources for maximum gain.1 Therefore, the firms have mechanisms for dealing with scarcity in the most productive way.In conclusion, some of the economic problems can be dealt with through the increase of firms in the market. The coming up of firms have the potential to reduce the transaction be thus making commodities readily available. The incorporation of some goods within organizations rather than as a whole in the ma rkets leads to attaining favorable costs.2 In addition, the use of brisk technologies makes a great contribution in the economic output of a country thus dealing with

African American Studies paper Essay Example for Free

African American Studies paper EssayThe civil rights elbow grease was a mass withstand movement against racial segregation and discrimination in the grey states that came to a national eminence during the mid 1950s. This movement can be said to be a long time coming for African slaves and their descendants to resist racial oppression, especially after the United States abolished slavery. Although, slaves were emancipated during the civil war were past granted basic civil rights through the passing of the 14th amendment and 15th amendment they still strugglight-emitting diode and suffered trying to get equality for the next hundred years. Throughout the finish of time in which African Americans fought for equality, desegregation and racism, the United States made massive changes. Beginning with the Jim Crow Laws, the countless court cases and the vast impact on the gracious Rights leaders during this time period of trying to gain equality there were two sides to this fight. One side was through the nonviolent protest while the new(prenominal) side was more of an active resistance. The modern period of the civil rights movement can ultimately be divided into several phases. Each act of a protest first started off small and ultimately became big.The Brown vs. Board of Education demonstrated that the process of taking legal action strategy of the NAACP could quarrel the legal foundations of southern. This thought or strategy would only work if blacks came together instead of individually trying to conquer. Therefore during the 1950s and 1960s the NAACP sponsored legal suits and fond movement give earking social changes accompanied legislative lobbying. The primary phase of the black protest began on Page 2 December 1, 1955 when a muliebrity named Rosa Parks, of Montgomery, Alabama, refused to give up her seat to a white bus rider.In the result of non giving her seat up she was defying a southern custom that required blacks to give seats toward the front of the buses to whites. Therefore by not giving up her seat she was then arrested and put in jail. When she was remand a black community boycott of the citys buses began. The boycott lasted more than a year, demonstrating the unity and determination of black residents. The well-known Martin Luther King, Jr. who was virtually famous for his I have a dream speech was the most active leader of this boycott.Although King and Parks were apart of the NAACP the Montgomery movement led to the creation in 1957 of a new organization called the Southern Christian Leadership Conference with King as the president. On February 1, 1960 four freshmen at northeasterly Carolina AT College began a wave of sit-ins designed to end segregation at southern diners. These protest resulted in the new organization called the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. high-flown 28th though was the climax of the civil rights movement.That was the day blacks did the March on Washington Martin Luthe r King, Jr.gave his I have a dream speech. King with the help of umpteen opposites helped bringing the passage of the genteel Rights Act of 1964. After the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 the last major racial protest would be the Selma to Montgomery march. concisely after the march Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965. By the late 1960s there was a growth of a new organization with more of a radical approach, the organization was called the opaque Panther Party. During the late half of the 1960s there were a series of riots. Page 3Supporters of black sack saw civil rights reforms as an insufficient method because they did not address the problems faced by millions of poor blacks. Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X influenced the Black Nationalism group. After the 1960s civil rights movement blacks witnessed some(prenominal) group of leaders, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. , assassinated. The mark these two men left behind did not fade extraneous though. De spite the civil rights gains of the 1960s racial discrimination remained a significant factor in America. Even after President Johnson declare a war on poverty and Dr.King initiated a Poor Peoples Campaign in 1968, the distri thoion of the nations riches and income moved toward greater inequality during the 70s and 80s. Some advantages of the Civil Rights Black Power movement was that ethnic minorities gained rights that should not have been denied to them on the basis of skin color. The common law did not provide satisfactory protection of basic human rights for the future of the community. The civil rights movement ensured that rights are protected and courts require a clear direction about what rights should be protected.The con about the civil rights movement was that the increase of litigation in the courts would give excessive power to the judiciary rights. Earlier in the essay I referenced the different movements but what I didnt mention was that both groups took different strives to achieve their goals. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference took more of a non-violent approach to reach their goals according to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference website. While King and his group was more of a non-violent group, the Page 4.Black Nationalism and Malcolm X were more radical. Malcolm X had coined the phrase by some(prenominal) means necessary which meant he wanted to achieve equal rights at any length of sacrifice. Even though Malcolm X said, by any means necessary according to Dr. Stephanie L. McKinney he only used violence as a self defense. Martin Luther King Jr. on the new(prenominal) hand realized that nonviolent tactics was the way to go. Ultimately both leaders pursued the same goal and both achieved it. As you can see in the paragraphs above both Martin Luther King Jr.and Malcolm X had two different approaches to gain equality but I support Martin Luther King Jr. ship canal of gaining equality more tha n Malcolm Xs.Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the few people who lived up to what he preached. Martin Luther King Jr. sold out to his cause, was lustful about his mission, and connected with the audience. Malcolm Xs radical movement was the reason why I couldnt side with him. I respect Malcolm X but disagree with any view that encourages violence. King wanted change with his voice, which in my opinion is the strongest tool for someone, who doesnt support violence.If you think about it physical penalisation is dealt to one person and everyone else doesnt necessarily feel the pain but words can be felt through everyone whos listening. Just worry many other movements and eras the Civil Rights Black Power movement started, climaxed, then faded. Although, this era influenced many generations that came later and many people still benefit from the efforts of the Civil Rights leaders such as Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King Jr. , Malcolm X. Some former civil rights activists, such as Jo hn Lewis, Andrew Young, and Jesse Jackson, launched Page 5careers in electoral politics. American civil rights legislation of the 1960s became the center for affirmative action programs that increased opportunities for many black students and workers as well as for women, disabled people, and other victims of discrimination. However, civil rights issues continued to stimulate protests, particularly when previous gains appeared to be threatened. Overall, the 20th-century struggle for civil rights produced an enduring transformation of the legal status of African Americans and other victims of discrimination.It also increased the responsibility of the government to enforce civil rights laws. APA Citations Page 54h. Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam. (n. d. ). Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam ushistory. org. Retrieved December 5, 2013, from http//www. ushistory. org/us/54h. asp From Black Revolution to Radical Humanism Malcolm X between Biography and International History. (n. d. ). Home. Retrieved December 4, 2013, from http//www. humanityjournal. org/humanity-volume-3-issue-2/black-revolution-radical-humanism-malcolm-x-between-biography-and-internat.McKinney, S. (n. d. ). Malcolm X. About. com 20th Century History. Retrieved December 4, 2013, from http//history1900s. about. com/od/people/a/Malcolm-X. htm unprovoking Resistance. (n. d. ). Nonviolent Resistance. Retrieved December 4, 2013, from http//mlk-kpp01. stanford. edu/index. php/encyclopedia/ Southern Christian Leadership Conference. (n. d. ). Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Retrieved December 5, 2013, from http//www. historylearningsite. co. uk/southern_christian_leadership_co. htm.

Medical Ethics Abortion Essay Example for Free

Medical Ethics spontaneous abortion EssayMost moral issues in medicine and healthcare pass on instigate lively debate, just no subject seems to inflame tempers to a greater extent than the uncertainty of abortion. The gulf between pro- flavourtime and pro-choice bear be an unrelenting stance of deeply held beliefs and principles. On the one hand, there is the claim that the fetus is a human being with the same in force(p) to sprightliness as any(prenominal) other human being, and abortion is therefore nonhing less than murder. On the other hand, it is argued that a woman has a right to choose what happens at bottom her induce body, and is therefore justified in deciding to present her foetus removed if she so wishes. Even a liberal view is problematic these tend to bring in the view that it is permissible for an abortion to take place before a certain stage in the foetuses organic evolution, but not beyond that given point. much(prenominal) an arbitrary perspec tive does seem difficult to quantify how open fire anyone determine the criteria that would navigate a decision that finds termination accept equal today but virtuously reprehensible tomorrow?It is sometimes argued that the foetus reaches personhood well before birth. By the tenth week, for example, it already has a face, arms and legs, fingers and toes it has internal organs, and brain activity is detectable.1 unless does this undermine a womans right to self determinationcan it still be fairish for her to choose abortion, given its train of information? We shall explore this question not from the perspective of whether the foetus is human, but from the premise that the womans rights oer her body are more than important than the sustenance of the person or part person in her womb.2A chars right field to Self-DefenceJudith Jarvis Thomson presents the following hypothesis3 a woman becomes gravid and then learns that she has a cardiac condition that will cause her death if t he gestation period continues. Let us grant the foetus personhood, with a right to life. obviously the breed too has a right to life, so how can we decide whos right to life is greater? A way of answering this question could be to say that an abortion is an act of aggression with the sole intention to kill. Whereas to do nothing would not be an attempt by anyone to murder the mother, kinda to just let her die.The passivity of the latter could be seen as morally preferable than directly killing an innocent person. Thomson argues that It cannot seriously be said thatshe essential sit passively by and wait for her death.4 There are two people involved, both are innocent, but one is endangering the life of the other. Thomson believes that in this scenario a woman is entitled to defend herself against the threat posed by the unborn baby, even if ultimately this will cause its death.I expression Thomson is correct in her appraisal. If an impartial judgement was sought by an individu al as to whose life has greater worth the foetus or the woman, they might not feel able to chooseboth lives could be seen to hold equal value. But there is nothing objective about the womans situationher life is endangered. If a person threatens my lifeeven if they are not conscious of their actionsI have a right to kill them, if that is the only course of action I can take to repel the attack.The scenario becomes less clear when we consider if a woman holds the same right to defend herself if the continuation of her maternalism causes her serious health problems that are not terminal. Again, I would assess the situation in terms of an attack. Do I have a right to kill an assailant if he attempts to wound me? The answer, I think, is dependent upon degreethe injury that would be inflicted. It seems reasonable that the degree of retaliation should be proportional to the severity of the attack. Similarly, a woman has the right to terminate her pregnancy if its continuation instigates a degree of illness that is severe enough to warrant that decision.The problem then is quantifying such comparatives. It might seem reasonable to nominate the woman involved as the person best qualified to take a crap that decision, but shouldnt such judgments emanate from an objective source? later all, should I be able to take the law into my induce hands and choose whatever reprisal I intellection necessary against my attacker?A Womans Right to OwnershipA woman holds ownership of her own body therefore she may abort her foetus if that is what she chooses it is in a actually real sense her ownto dispose of as she wishes.5 Professor Thomson analogises it is not that the woman and foetus are like two tenants occupying a small dramatics that has been mis takenly rented to both of themthe mother owns the house.6 But not all claims of ownership hold an automatic right to dispose of their property. legerdemain Harris gives an example7 suppose I own a life-saving drug, and have n othing planned for its use other than placing it on my shelf. If I meet a person who was dependent on that drug other than they will die, I would not be morally entitled to withhold the drugit would be wrong of me to exercise that right.What Harris is expressing is that a woman may have the right to do what she wishes to her own body, but it would be wrong of her to exercise that right. The question then is does the value of ownership of your body take precedence over the value of the foetus? Property is sometimes commandeered during war, and this action is usually justified because national security is thought to take priority over an individuals right to ownership.8 Another compelling, and I think decisive, occupation comes from Mary Anne Warren. She states that ownership does not give me a right to kill an innocent person on my property, furthermore, it is also immoral to banish a person from my property if by doing so they will undoubtedly perish.9If one does not accept that a foetus is a human being, then the woman may have it removed from her body, similarly to having a kidney stone taken out. But if the foetus is believed to be a person, then I do not think any argument of ownership can hold up against the soundness of the given examples.A Foetuses Right to its Mothers BodyCan a womans right to choose abortion take priority over the foetuses right to life? Professor Thomson argues that a right to life does not guaranteehaving either a right to be given the use of or a right to be allowed move use of another persons bodyeven if one needs it for life.10 Thomson goes on to give an example11, that if she was terminally ill, and the only thing that would save her life was the touch of Henry Fondas cool hand on her fevered brow, she would have no right to expect him to travel to her side and assist her in this way. No doubt, Thomson adds that it would be frightfully nice of him, but she holds no right against him that he should do so.An obvious criticism is to argue that a woman has a special responsibility to her foetus, simply because she is its mothera responsibility that Henry Fonda does not owe, so the analogy, is rendered useless. But Thomson postulates that we do not have any such special responsibility for a person unless we have assumed it, explicitly or implicitly.12 Thomson therefore argues that if a pregnancy is unwanted, and the woman holds no emotional gravel to the foetus, there is no attachment and so no responsibility. A possible dispute to Thomsons idea is to suggest that the special responsibility is bonded through genes sort of then emotion. If a infant is born and the mother abandons it, her culpability is held through their mother and baby relationship rather then what the mother thinks of her baby.Another argument that can give claim by the foetus to its mothers body is one of contract.13 It could be said that by voluntarily engaging in sexual intercourse a womaneven if using contraceptionrisks the chance of pregnancy. By understanding the possible consequences of her actions, she must be seen as responsible for(p) for the existence of the foetus, because no method of contraception is known to be infallible. Since the woman is accountable for bringing the foetus into the world (albeit in her womb) she assumes an obligation to continue to bring home the bacon nourishment for its survival.Michael Tooley offers an example that he believes analogises this argument14 there is a pleasurable act that I practice. But by engaging in it, it can have the inauspicious risk of destroying someones food supply. This will not cause the person any problem, as long as I continue to make such provisions, even though it causes me immense trouble and expense. Tooley says that he arranges things so that the probability of the pleasurable act having such an effect is as small as possible (contraception). But he says that if things do go wrong, he is still responsible for the person needing food, and theref ore obligated to supplying the food needed. Tooley believes that once we take on in an activity that can potentially create a child, then we assume responsibility for its needs, even if bringing that child into existence was accidental and precautions were taken to prevent that outcome.Professor Thomson offers her own powerful analogy in contrast to the above viewIf the room is stuffy, and I therefore open a windowpane to air it, and a burglar climbs in, it would be absurd to say, Ah, now he can stay, shes given him a right to the use of her housefor she is partly responsible for his presence there, having voluntarily done what enabled him to get in, in full knowledge that there are such things as burglars, and that burglars burgle. It would be still more absurd to say this if I had had bars installed outside my windows, precisely to prevent burglars from getting in, and a burglar got in only because of a defect in the bars.15Abortion, Due to RapeAs already stated, most views agai nst abortion base their position from the value they place on the foetuses life. Even so, in the good example where pregnancy had occurred through rape, most opponents of abortion would believe that there would be sufficient justification for termination. Obviously, there is something paradoxical about thisif the foetus is valuable because it is human, it is obviously no less human because its mother had been raped. So how can some opponents of abortion hold such contradictory ideas?Janet Radcliffe Richards explains that when a woman is forced to continue pregnancy until childbirth, the child is being used as an instrument of punishment to the mother, and that talk of the sanctity of life is being used to disguise the fact.16 The only thing that a woman that wants to abort for reasons of accidental pregnancy has done differently, is to of engaged willingly to sexand that is what she is being punished for.17Richards offers an interesting approach to the apparent inconsistency state d, although I dont find its supposition altogether convincing. I think the double-standards described, portray an individual that holds only a relative opinion to the value of life that is held by the foetus. That is, the foetus is human, with rights, but not as human and not as much rights as an adult human being. And this is how I feel critics of abortion consider priority to women in rape cases.A Fathers RightTo what degree, if any, does the fathers opinion count on whether his unborn child should die at the hands of the mother? After all, the foetus is very much a part of himsharing his genetic make-up. It is noted by John Harris18 that a man is not entitled to scandalize a woman for the purpose of impregnating herthat is rapeso then it follows that he must not violate her by forcing his wishes for a pregnancy to continue until birth. The counter argument is that by agreeing to sex, a woman has tacitly agreed to carry the mans child. ultimately the womans opinion must take prio rity over the mansbecause she has to carry the foetus, but, once a foetus is formed, one can have a degree of sympathy for the mans situation. If copulation had taken place for the purpose of impregnation, then why should the man suffer a feeling of mischief just because his partner changes her mind? Where contraception is used, his argument may be weakenedthey did not intend parenthood. But if both were cooking for a baby, is it fare that once that child exists, the mother can take it away from its father, even though he has done no wrong?A Right to DeathIf a pregnancy is terminated during its early stages, the foetus will undoubtedly die. But if an abortion takes place later in pregnancy, and by some miracle survives, the mother has no right to secure the death of the unborn child.19 If the baby was still unwanted, the woman may be utterly devastated by the thought of a child, a bit of herself, put out for adoption and never seen or heard of again20 but she can only demand her withdrawal from it she may not order its execution.I guess there would be few opponents to this assertion but it is interesting to understand why. If a person accepts the permissibility of abortion, how is it so different to kill a child that survives its attempted termination? Presumably the foetus has acquired rights that it didnt hold inside the womb, or perhaps the woman loses her rights during that transition. It seems grotesque that location should alter the foetuses perspective so drasticallyafter all, it is the same being. It could be argued that it is independence that qualifies the foetus for its right to live. When it no longer needs its mother for survival, and is not reliant upon her in any way, she loses the right to decide its fate.Professor Thomsons explanation is somewhat different she too agrees that there is no justification for a woman to order the death of a foetus that lives following an abortion, but her reasoning is not dependent upon any acquisition or loss of rights. Thomson argues that a termination is just the right for a woman to detach the foetus from her body. This is not an act of murder (even though its death is inevitable during its infancy) but an entitlement to liberation, whatever its outcome.21Professor Thomson presents an account that would be reasonable if the act of abortion was purely an attempt of separation. But in fact the procedure used is an attempt, not only to detach and remove the foetus, but to kill it.22 If the abortionist fails in this task, then Thomson allows the baby a right to live. But as the method of termination is knowing for the foetus to die, I believe it renders Thomsons point unsound.ConclusionProfessor Thomson concedes that It would be indecent in the woman to request an abortion, and indecent in a doctor to perform it, if she is in her seventh month, and wants the abortion just to avoid the nuisance of postponing a trip abroad.23 So, even staunch defendants of feminist ethics feel compelled t o consider the foetuses interests once its development reaches a mature stage. It could be argued that the foetus has become a baby, and abortion is therefore tantamount to infanticide.I believe that anyone can exercise their right to self-defence if their life is threatened, and a woman can use her prerogative against the unborn baby at any stage of its development without recrimination. However, I feel that a womans right to expel her foetus for any other reason has only relative justification. Relative because a womans rights to abort become less valid as the foetus develops.There is, in my opinion, a necessary correlation between foetal development and a womans right to termination. A woman may exercise her choice without compromise during early pregnancy, because the foetus is nothing more then potential, but justification becomes less palatable as potential becomes actualised. Can a woman really hold the same rights to choose what happens within her own body when the foetus i s twenty five weeks old, as she did when it was ten weeks old?As previously mentioned, arbitrarily choosing a point in the foetuses life and exclaiming before this point the thing is not a person, after this point it is a person, does appear contrived. But its comparison with before this point a woman can choose, after this point she cant does seem vindicated against less satisfactory views. The purpose of this essay was to assess a case for abortion that was not dependent on the foetuses right to life, but instead to appreciate a womans right to choose. I dont believe that either position can be considered without respecting the rights of the other. Therefore, in my opinion a woman holds considerable rights but they are only relative to the foetuses level of development.BIBLIOGRAPHYDwyer, Susan, The Problem of Abortion. London WadsworthPublishing Company, 1997Glover, Jonathan, Causing Death and Saving Lives. London Penguin Books, 1997Harris, John, The Value of Life. London Routledg e, 1985Info on Abortion Abortion, Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopaedia, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbortionOther_means_of_ abortionRichards, Janet, The Sceptical Feminist. Harmondsworth Pelican, 1982Sherwin, Susan, No Longer Patient. Philadelphia Temple University Press, 1992Thomson, Judith, A Defence of Abortion, Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1971 pp. 47-66Tooley, Michael, Abortion and Infanticide. London Oxford University Press, 1983Warren, Marry Anne, On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion, The Monist, 1973

Gender Identity Paper Essay Example for Free

Gender Identity Paper EssayThe determination of gender individuation is much deeper than whether a somebody is born a young-begetting(prenominal) or a distaff. The exact identifier that separates gender identity is currently unknown provided researchers study that genetics, horm ones, reproductive organs, biological, and environmental factors totally play a social occasion in distinguishing a persons gender identity. A persons corporal gender and their sense of gender atomic number 18 formed at two different propagation in two different parts of the body. A persons gender is whether they are born male or female, but the way they identify themselves may be the opposite, which is not uncommon and has occurred since the beginning of time. In culture males are known to be the stronger, more aggressive sex, mend females are the fairer, more nurturing sex. Usually, by the age of four, individuals have identified their gender identities apart from what gender they were born as physically. Throughout this paper, I will discuss the biological factors of gender identity (nature), environmental factors (nurture), and the role between hormones and behavior, and how these interactions all contact the determination of ones gender identity.Gender identification begins to develop while the fetus is in the beginning stages of development. Between weeks six and twelve of motherhood is when the fetus begins developing reproductive organs and that is when the fetus military issues on the role of male or female. Hormones are produced in both the nervous system and the endocrine gland system and are transported through the blood stream. Specifically, hormones are chemicals that combine and respond to certain cell receptors. Hormones like testosterone and androgen are mainly found in the male gender while estrogen is mainly found in the female gender. Testosterone is a contributing factor to behaviors like aggression. Gender identity, an individuals self-awareness of maleness or femaleness, and gender role, are programmed for the child within his mothers womb, (Institute of Medicine, 2006).Evidence has shown that the female gender is likely to excel in communicative skills and muscular coordination when their production of estrogen is high rather than when it is low. For men, they are stronger and more aggressive when their testosterone levels are high and they are able to perform better in actions that require physical performance. The nature side of the theory relies on prenatal hormones that modify the brain and peripheral tissue and the development of male or female external genitalia. Although a person may have a certain physical gender, their gender role is the adoption of masculine or feminine behavioral traits that are appropriate for that specific sex. Gender identity differs from the gender role because it is an individuals personal sense of sex, which is not necessarily their physical gender.thither are multiple stages from chil dhood to adulthood when hormones are present that are identifiable of a specific gender. The pituitary gland (or hypophysis) secretes some(prenominal) hormones during puberty including adrenocorticotrophic hormones, growth hormones, gonadotrophins, prolactin, and thyroid stimulating hormones. Gonadotrophins, which include luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones, stimulate sex hormone production in the ovaries or testes and also lead to egg and spermatozoon maturity. Prolactin stimulates milk production and adrenocorticotropic hormones stimulate the adrenal glands to secrete steroid hormones like cortisol. All of these hormones play a major role in sexual development and an individuals determination of gender identity.Environmental factors of gender identity arise as soon as the individual is born. Everything from a female child wearing a pink dress to a male child having a sports themed blanket can play a role in their gender identity. Sociologists suppose that by the age o f five years old, females show a p get upence for dolls, arts and crafts, and playing dress up while males prefer cars, blocks, tools, and outdoor play. The environment has a direct relation to personality traits, because characteristic adaptations are always involved in expression, (Nature over Nurture, 2000). At a puppylike age, children who are taught that traits and activities are appropriate or inappropriate for them to perform because of their gender tend to absorb those teachings and are influenced by them later in liveness. For example, young filles who are raised believing boys are innately better at sports than girls, may disclaim their interest in sports and go on to believe they are not good at them without practicing them to their full potential.Both males and females have proven to be great athletes but if at a young age, a girl is told she will never be as good as a boy she may never give sports and athleticism a chance. Young children take care by observations, i f a young girl witnesses her mother performing the acts of a man then she will repeat those acts and believe that is what is appropriate for her. The same goes for the male gender, if a superficial boy observes his father doing something that a woman is more likely to do like sewing or interior decorating then that is what the little boy will believe is expected of him upon adulthood.For instance, the way in which one educates children, how children in institutions such as orphanages are raised, and the kinds of day-care are considered optimal have all been influenced by ones understanding of the interaction of biology and environment regarding gender identity, (Kowalski Westen, 2005). The previous statement is very true because children observe many things that one may never think would make any difference but in reality they do. Nature factors include everything from what kind of parents raise the child, what roles they perform, the culture, and even the food coloring of paint on the childs walls all make a difference in the childs personal gender identity.I believe that between nature and nurture and their influence on gender identity, nature has a greater influence. For example, if a perfectly healthy little girl with no hormone disorders is raised with a single father and all brothers with no immediate influence of females, she is more likely to become a tomboy and take on the gender identity that resembles that of her fathers or brothers. The same reference goes for a boy raised with a single mother and only sisters with no immediate influence of a male figure in his life. Matthew Wolfe-Meyer makes a valid point when saying, nature and its contestation is a dominant system unfortunately nurture fails to receive similar scrutiny and culture is more often used as an explanatory device than deeply interrogated for its logistics.Often times when a child is going through puberty and takes on the role of the opposite gender, many people jump to the hypoth esis that at that place may be something wrong with their hormones or a chemical imbalance but before jumping to that conclusion, they should look at their home life, how was the child raised, what was their environment like and from there they will find many answers. All children naturally comply with the demands of their internal sense of gender without effort. If the child becomes confused with their gender then they often refer to behaviors of adults near them and they learn what actions are appropriate for them relatively quick. Environmental factors bear a critical amount of effectiveness in gender identity but because environmental factors are ever changing, it proves that the nurture theory is a substantial factor.Currently, psychologists and researchers do not know the exact causes of gender identity and individuals taking on the opposite roles. But there are many factors that support both sides of the nature versus nurture argument. The male and female genders each have d ifferences in many areas both physical and emotional but neither is better than the other. By the age of four years old each child already has an predilection of who they are and what gender they belong to. Gender confusion is normal but most children are able to look at parents or acting influences in their lives and see what the appropriate actions are for their gender. Nature versus nurture has and will continue to be a strong argument.ReferencesMcCrae, R. R., Costa, P. r., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hebkov, M., Avia, M. D., Smith, P. B. (2000). Nature over nurture Temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 78(1), 173-186. doi10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.173Matthew Wolf-Meyer. (2007). Complexities Beyond nature and nurture. Anthropologica, 49(2), 325-327. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/214174663?accountid=35812Money, J. (1971). Differentiation of gender identity and gender role. Psychiatric Annals, 1(4), 3 2-37,42-43,8-9. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/894195162?accountid=35812 (2006). Institute of medicine (us) commissioning on assessing interactions among social, behavioral, and genetic factors in health. Washington DC National Academies Press (US). Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19934/